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A Sami drum is a membrane-covered oval drum used as shamanistic ceremonial drum by the Sami people. The membrane in made from reindeer hide, strapped over a burl (''bowl drums'') or over a thin piece of bentwood in the shape of an oval (''frame drums''). In Sami shamanism, the noaidi – the Sami shaman, used the drum to get into trance, or to obtain information from the future or about other places. The drum was held in one hand, and eventually operated with the other hand. While the noaidi were in trance, his ''free spirit'' left his body to visit the spiritual world or other places. When used for divination purposes, the drum were used together with a drum hammer and an vuorbi (index or pointer) made in brass or horn. Answers could be interpreted from where the vuorbi stopped on the membrane, and with which symbols. The patterns on the drum membrane reflect the world view of the owner and his family, both in religious matters and in worldly matters such as reindeer herding, hunting, householding and relations to their neighbours and to the non-Sami community. Many drums were taken out of their use and Sami ownership during the 18th century. A large number were confiscated by Sami missionaries and other officials as a part of an intensified Christian mission towards the Sami. Other drums were bought by collectors. Between 70 and 80 drums are preserved; the largest collection of drums is at the Nordic Museum, Stockholm. == Terminology == The northern Sami terms are ''goavddis'', ''gobdis'' or ''meavrresgárri'', lule Sami term is ''goabdes'' and the southern Sami term is ''gievrie''. (ノルウェー語:runebomme), (スウェーデン語:schamantrumma);〔Anonymous 1723/1903〕 in English it is also known as "rune drum" and "Sami shamanic drum". The northern Sami name ''goavddis'' describes a bowl drum, while the southern Sami name ''gievrie'' describes a frame drum, coherent to the distribution of these types of drums.〔Kjellström & Rydving 1998〕 Another northern Sami name, ''meavrresgárri'', is a compound word: ''meavrres'' from ''meavrit'' and Finnish ''möyriä'' ("kick, roar, mess"), and ''gárri'' from Norwegian ''kar'' ("cup, bowl").〔Solbakk 2012〕 The common Norwegian name for the drum, ''runebomme'', is based on the earlier misunderstanding that the symbols on the drum were runes.〔Lars Ivar Hansen and Bjørnar Olsen. ''Samenes historie, fram til 1750''. Cappelen, 2004. ISBN 978-82-02-19672-1〕 Suggested new names in Norwegian are ''sjamantromme'' ("shaman drum")〔Pareli 2010〕 or ''sametromme'' ("Sami drum").〔(The drum ) in the web exhibition «Sami faith and mythology»; from Várjjat Sámi Musea〕 The early Swedish name ''trolltrumma'' is now considered odious, and were based on an understanding of Sami religion as witchcraft ("trolldom"). In his ''Fragments of Lappish Mythology'' (ca 1840) Læstadius used the term ''divination drum'' ("spåtrumma"). In Swedish today, one uses terms as ''the Sami drum'' ("den samiska trumman")〔〔 or simply ''the drum'' ("trumman"),〔(Trumman ); samer.se〕 depending on the context. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sami drum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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